Risk management is the process of identifying, analyzing and preparing measures to mitigate or conrol the risk factors (hazards) throughout the life of a project and in the best interests of its objectives. Proper risk management implies prevention of possible future events and is proactive rather than reactive.
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HAZID (Hazard identification)
HAZID is similar to HAZOP. The only difference is HAZOP is carried out on P&IDs and considers only operability hazards whereas HAZID is conducted on various documents and all possible hazards including natural calamities are discussed.
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HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study)
HAZOP study is a systematic way to identify hazards in the system, find causes, consequences and existing safeguards. If the safeguards are not adequate recommendations are given to mitigate the risk. The study is conducted and participated by company personnel and a consultant chairs the HAZOP. HAZOP chairman directs the discussion of the session and makes sure that all hazards are being identified by the officers.
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Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
This is the quantification of risk arises from the facility. Risk is a combined effect of consequences (fire, explosion, flammable and toxic gas dispersion) and probability of the event and is expressed in terms of risk/ avg year. The risk is benchmarked against the risk acceptance criteria of the country and accordingly the action is taken to mitigate the risk.
Fire & Explosion Risk Analysis - This is a part of QRA which includes estimation of risk posed by fire and explosion of flammable material on the facility and surroundings. The study helps to assess the impact of thermal radiations and explosion overpressure on the surroundings and therefore helps in the decision making of various facilities such as facility siting, control room location, admin building location, fire protection adequacy etc.
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ALARP and Cost Benefit Analysis
The zone between the unacceptable risk and broadly acceptable risk regions is the tolerable region. Risks in that region are typical of the risks from activities that people are prepared to tolerate in order to secure benefits in the expectation that the residual risks are not unduly high and kept As Low As Reasonably Practicable (the ALARP principle).
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic approach estimating the strengths and weaknesses of mitigation measures that satisfy the reduction in the risk. It is a technique that is used to determine mitigation measures that provide the best approach for the adoption and practice in terms of benefits in reducing risk, severity, practicability of implementation and cost savings etc.
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Barrier Based Risk Analysis
Barrier based risk analysis follows a systematic approach wherein each major accident event is analysed for its consequences and likelihood and then mapped on Risk Assessment Matrix. After the risk has been identified and analyzed, one has to decide if corrective actions/ recommendations are required to be considered. The facility installed preventive / controlling safety measures to avoid/ control the hazards shall be considered as Barriers to the risk posed and residual risk is estimated.
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Location / Layout Decisive QRA
Based on industrial practices, country specific guidelines, safety requirements and site conditions plant layout safety review is conducted. This is a special cause QRA which assess the thermal radiations and their impact on adjacent facilities and probability of escalation, if any. Based on risk to personnel, focused structures etc, layout is finalised.
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Location / Layout Decisive QRA
Based on industrial practices, country specific guidelines, safety requirements and site conditions plant layout safety review is conducted. This is a special cause QRA which assess the thermal radiations and their impact on adjacent facilities and probability of escalation, if any. Based on risk to personnel, focused structures etc, layout is finalised.
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Smoke and Gas Ingress Study
This includes dispersion calculation to estimate the possible gas and smoke concentration at the boundary of buildings in the facility. Ingress analysis is conducted to estimate the smoke and gas ingress. Impact assessment to determine impairment of buildings, safety functions and effect on personnel exposed.
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PHSER
This is a systematic procedure for the execution of Project HSE Reviews which provide assurance to the facility that its intended modifications/ procedures/ developments fully accord with company’s expectations. The team of experts along with a PHASER chair person are involved in this review.
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Fire and gas detector location / mapping study
This is a study which helps to decide the location of fire and gas detectors in the installation. Dispersion analysis with mapping study methodology is used to decide the no of detectors, location of detectors and type of detectors required in the facility.
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Emergency Systems Survivability Assessment
This is an analysis of the survivability of the emergency systems being installed in the facility to assess that they will work definitely during emergency situations. The assessment includes analysis of system assets against the structural vulnerability criteria.
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Escape, Evacuation & Rescue Analysis
It will assess the impairment of escape routes, evacuation and rescue locations in the emergency from fire and toxic gases. The vulnerability of human beings will be criteria to analyse and define the impairment.
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Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
Layers of protection analysis (LOPA) is a powerful analytical tool for assessing the adequacy of protection layers used to mitigate process risks in the installation. LOPA builds upon well-known process hazards analysis techniques, applying semi-quantitative measures to the evaluation of the frequency of potential incidents and the probability of failure of the protection layers.
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HSE Critical Equipment and Systems (HSECES)
HSE Critical Equipment identification is a part of HSEIA. An HSEIA is systematic approach to evaluating the potential effect of a project on health, safety and the environment. Its a living document that considers the full lifecycle of the project (FEED, EPC, Operations, Decommissioning & Abandonment). Key function is to identify, assess, mitigate to ALARP and monitor on a continuous basis all material risk that can adversely impact health, safety, and environment . Residual impacts and hazards managed by the operator’s HSE Management System (HSEMS). Greater emphasis is placed on HSE Critical Equipment and Systems (HSECES) integrity that provides significant safety and efficiency benefits to the end user.
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Safety Integrity level (SIL)
Safety integrity level (SIL) is defined as a relative level of risk-reduction provided by a safety function, or to specify a target level of risk reduction. In simple terms, SIL is a measurement of performance required for a safety instrumented function (SIF). The study is conducted in a session wherein a functional safety expert chairs the session of discussion.
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Bow Tie Analysis
This analysis is a visualization of the relationship between top hazard event, its causes, accidental scenarios, the preventive and mitigation measures to limit their consequences in a single image. It demonstrates the effectiveness of existing controls. In this analysis, top hazard event is considered in the middle of Bow. The consequences/ threats of the event are identified on one hand and barriers/safety measures/preventive measures for each threat are identified on another hand. This is how it forms a Bow-tie nd puts the entire picture of the top event in front of us. It is very effective risk analysis method where quantification of risk is not possible/ desired.
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Hazardous Area Classification
Area classification is a method of analysing and classifying the environment where explosive gas atmospheres may occur. The main purpose is to facilitate the proper selection and installation of apparatus to be used safely in that environment, taking into account the properties of the flammable materials that will be present. Hazardous areas are classified into zones based on an assessment of the frequency of the occurrence and duration of an explosive gas atmosphere.
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HSE Policies and Management
In order to manage health and safety one must have HSE/ Safety Policy as well as appropriate arrangements for Planning, Organising, Controlling, Monitoring and Reviewing the health and safety precautions, periodic audit and review is also important to have updated safety system at place always.
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Safety Manual
Safety Manual / Report of a company gives all details of the company in terms of developing, maintaining and practicing safety in its system. It includes safety policies, organization chart, support services, infrastructure etc. It also includes the past accident analysis if any. Summary includes new recommendations to reduce the risk, if any.
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Philosophies
Based on industrial practices, country specific guidelines, safety requirements and site conditions plant layout safety review is conducted. This is a special cause QRA which assess the thermal radiations and their impact on adjacent facilities and probability of escalation, if any. Based on risk to personnel, focused structures etc, layout is finalised.
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Emergency Response and Disaster Management Plan (ERDMP) as per PNGRB regulations 2010
Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) has published a regulation in 2010 according to which all industries handling petroleum products and natural Gas are required to prepare a manual which will have all details of Emergency Response, Preventive Measures and Disaster Management Plan to handle the situation.